Association between the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio and myopia in medical students of the Medical Faculty of the Jenderal Soedirman University
Keywords:
Jenderal Soedirman, 2D, 2D:4D ratio, 4D Ratio, Myopia, Endocrine, Digit Ratio
Abstract
Refractive error is one of the biggest eye problems in young people. The most prevalent Refractive error, myopia, is continuously increased. The myopia degree impact results in serious eye complication. Current studies report that myopia is associated with genetic and hormonal mechanism. Second to Fourth-Digit Ratio (2D:4D) on the other hand, has been reported as having a relationship with genetic and hormonal mechanism. The study was aimed to observe association between Second to Fourth-Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and myopia cases in medical students of Medical Faculty of Jenderal Soedirman University. This was a quantitative observational analytic research with cross sectional approach. One hundred students, divided into myopia and emmetropia group, was recruited for the study. Digit measurement was done using a computer-based method by two independent observers, whereas eye refraction test was conducted by an independent Refractionist. Independent t-test on 2D:4D ratio showed no difference in values (p>0,05) between myopia and emmetropia group. As conclusion, study reported that there was no significant association between second to fourth-digit ratio (2D:4D) with myopia cases in medical students of Medical Faculty of Jenderal Soedirman University.
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36. Mrugacz M, Rydzanicz M, Frajdenberg A, Podfigurna-Musielak M, Gajecka M. Myopia in systemic disorders. Klin Oczna 2009;111(1-3):84-88.
37. Mrugacz M. Role of the Genetic Factors in the Development of Myopia. In: Puiu M (ed.), Genetic Disorders, pp. 293-304. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech 2013. dx.doi.org/10.5772/52543
2. Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of Myopia. Eye 2014;28(2):202-208. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280.
3. Paudel P, Ramson P, Naduvilath T, et al. Prevalence of Vision Impairment and Refractive Error in School Children in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014;42(3):217-226. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12273.
4. Sng CC, Lin X-Y, Gazzard G, et al. Peripheral Refraction and Refractive Error in Singapore Chinese Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(2):1181-1190. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5601.
5. Tihayo I, Gunawan W, Suhardjo. Pertambahan Miopia pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Daerah Perkotaan dan Pedesaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Oftalmologi Indonesia 2008;6(2):104-112.
6. Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH, et al. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:51-57. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0565.
7. Lai TY. Retinal Complications of High Myopia. Med Bull 2007;12(9):18-20.
8. Steidl SM. How Does Visual Acuity Change Over Time in Adults With High Myopia? J Ophthalmol 2006;90(5):524. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.086421.
9. Rose K, Harper R, Tromans C, Waterman C, Goldberg D. Quality of Life in Myopia. J Ophtalmol 2000;84:1031-1034. doi: 10.1136/bjo.84.9.1031.
10. Takashima T, Yokoyama T, Futagami S, et al. The quality of life in patients with pathologic myopia. J
Ophthalmol 2001;45(1):84-92.
11. Cao YN, Tang RH, Li RR, et al. A Retrospective Study on the Progression of Myopia in School-Age Children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2012;14(9):693-696.
12. Leong A, Rubin GS, Allan BDS. Quality of Life in High Myopia. Ophtalmology 2008;116 (2):275-280. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.9.1031.
13. Wagner H, Fink BA, Zadnik K. Sex and Gender-Based Differences in Healthy and Diseased Eyes. Optometry 2008;79:636-652. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2008.01.024.
14. Hornbeak DM, Young TL. Myopia Genetics: A Review of Current Research and Emerging Trends. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2009;20(5):356-362. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832f8040.
15. Widodo A, Prilia T. Miopia Patologi. Jurnal Oftalmologi Indonesia 2007;5(1):19-26.
16. Krishnakumar M, Atheeshwar S, Chandrasekar MD. Myopia and Digit Ratio in Medical College Students. PLoS One 2014;9(2):1-4. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089800
17. Moreira B, Matsushita R, Silva D, Da Silva S. Risk seeking behavior of preschool children in a gambling task. J Econ Psychol 2010;794-801.
18. Ciumas C, Lindén-Hirschberg A, Savic I. High fetal testosteron and sexually dimorphic cerebral networks in females. Cerebral Cortex 2009;19 (5):1164-1172. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn160.
19. Manning JT, Kilduff LP, Trivers R. Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Andrology 2013;1 (1): 94-99. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00013.x.
20. Al-Salihi AR, Selman MO, Wasif HF. The Anthropometric Ratio of Index Finger to Ring Finger (2D:4D) Correlation with Some Seminal Fluid Analysis Parameters. The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
2011;10(2): 244-248.
21. Allaway HC, Bloski TG, Pierson RA, Lujan ME. Digit Ratios (2D:4D) Determined by Computer-Assisted Analysis are More Reliable than Those Using Physical Measurements, Photocopies, and Printed Scans. Am J Hum Biol 2009;21(3): 365-370. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20892.
22. Vermeersch H, T’Sjoen G, Kaufman JM, Vincke J, Van Houtte M. Testosterone, androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length, mood and behaviour in adolescent males. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163(2):319-328. doi: 10.1530/EJE-10-0090.
23. Fink B, Neave N, Manning JT. Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: their relationships in heterosexual men and women. Ann Hum Biol 2003;30(6):728-738.
24. Van Dongen S. Second to fourth digit ratio in relation to age, BMI and life history in a population of young adults: a set of unexpected results. J Neg Res 2009;6:1-7.
25. Almasry SM, El Domiaty MA, Algaidi SA, Elbastawisy YM, Safwat MD. Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study. J Anatomy 2011;218:202-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x.
26. Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Nenko I, Alvarado LC, Jasienka G. Digit ratio (2D:4D) as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males. Ann Hum Biol 2014;41(6):518-523. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2014.902993
27. Hone LSE, McCullough ME. 2D:4D ratios predict hand grip strength (but not hand grip endurance) in men (but not in women). Evol Hum Behav 2012;33:780-789. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.003
28. Zhao D, Li B, Yu K, Zheng L. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handgrip strength in subjects of Han ethnicity: impact of sex and age. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012;149:266-271. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22130.
29. Fink B, Thanzami V, Seydel H, Manning JT. Digit ratio and handgrip strength in German and Mizos men: cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. Ann Hum Biol 2006;18:776-782. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.001
30. Gwiazda J, Deng L, Dias L, Marsh-Tootle W. Association of education and occupation with myopia in COMET parents. Optom Vis Sci 2011;88(9):1045-1053. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31822171ad.
31. Honekopp J, Watson S. Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. Am J Hum Biol 2010;619-630. doi:10.1002/ajhb.21054
32. Galizzi MM, Nieboer J. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and altruism: evidence from a large, multi-ethnic sample. Front Behav Neurosci 2015;9:41. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00041
33. Mayhew T M, Gillam L, McDonald R, Ebling FJ. Human 2D (Index) and 4D (Ring) Digit Lengths: Their Variation and Relationships During the Menstrual Cycle. J Anat 2007;211(5): 630-638. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x.
34. Neyse L, Brañas-Garza P. Digit Ratio Measurement Guide. Kiel: Kiel Institute 2014.
35. Zheng Z, Cohn MJ. Developmental Basis of Sexually Dismorphic Digit Ratio. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011;108(39):16289-16294. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108312108.
36. Mrugacz M, Rydzanicz M, Frajdenberg A, Podfigurna-Musielak M, Gajecka M. Myopia in systemic disorders. Klin Oczna 2009;111(1-3):84-88.
37. Mrugacz M. Role of the Genetic Factors in the Development of Myopia. In: Puiu M (ed.), Genetic Disorders, pp. 293-304. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech 2013. dx.doi.org/10.5772/52543
Published
2017-12-05
How to Cite
Fuady, D., Arjadi, F., Mulyanto, J., Rujito, L., & Setyanto, M. R. (2017). Association between the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio and myopia in medical students of the Medical Faculty of the Jenderal Soedirman University. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.35119/asjoo.v15i4.326
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