Asian Journal of Ophthalmology (Asian JO) is commited to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. In doing so,  Asian JO will follow the COPE guidelines on how to deal with any real or potential actions of misconduct. It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that: 

• The submitted manuscript (partly or in full) has not been published previously and/or elsewhere. The only admitted exception is that the submitted manuscript is an expansion of previously published work. In this respect, transparent re-use of material has to be ensured by the authors to avoid text-recycling (‘self-plagiarism’).
• All the co-authors have granted explicit consent to submit, and that consent has also been granted —tacitly or explicitly — by the responsible authorities of the institute/organization where the work has been carried out, before the work is submitted.
• All the authors whose name appears on the submission have contributed to the scientific work and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results in the submission.
• Upon request, authors should be ready to send any documentation or data that may be useful to verify the validity of the results. Required information could be in the form of raw data, samples, and records, whereas requirement of access to confidential or proprietary data is excluded.
• The corresponding author collects the conflict of interest (COIs) disclosure forms from all the authors. In the case where formal agreement exists allowing author representation, the disclosure form can be signed by the corresponding author on behalf of all authors.
• Financial COIs include such things as employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options, honoraria, patents, and paid expert testimony.
• Scientific COIs may include personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, and intellectual beliefs.

Authors must adhere to the Uniform Requirements set by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors for authorship. Each author must meet the criteria for authorship, which include all the following points:

• Substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work, OR the acquisition and analysis, OR interpretation of data for the work AND;
• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content AND;
• Final approval of the version to be published AND;
• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Plagiarism and fraud

Plagiarism occurs whenever the authors of a submitted manuscript present the work of others as if it was their own without full acknowledgment. Plagiarism includes copying the entire body of a previously published work, and/or significant portions of it, without due acknowledgment. Authors are required to ensure:

• No data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated (including deceptive images) to support their conclusions.
• No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own (plagiarism). Proper acknowledgements to other works must be given (including material that is closely copied (near verbatim), summarized, and/or paraphrased. Quotation marks are used for verbatim reproduction of material. Permissions are secured for any copyrighted material, including text, figures, tables, and other types of material. This is exclusively the authors’ responsibility.
• Failure to publish the results of clinical trials and other human studies, or selective inclusion of results may be considered to be scientific misconduct
• Important note: the journal may use software tools to screen for plagiarism.

Ethical misconduct

In case of suspected misconduct, the Asian JO Managing Editor will initiate appropriate procedures as detailed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), available here. 

Should the investigation validate concerns raised in the allegation, the accused author will be contacted and given an opportunity to address the issue. If misconduct has been established beyond reasonable doubt, this may result in the implementation by the Asian JO Managing Editor of the following measures, including, but not limited to:

• If the article is still under consideration, it may be rejected and returned to the author.
• If the article has already been published online, depending on the nature and severity of the infraction, either an erratum will be published alongside the article or, in severe cases, retraction of the article will occur. The reason must be detailed in the published erratum or retraction note. Please note that ‘retraction’ means that the paper is maintained on the platform, watermarked ‘retracted’ and motivation for retraction is provided in a note linked to the watermarked article.
• The authors’ institution may be informed.

Asian JO may elect to publish an expression of concern pending the outcomes of investigation as detailed by COPE. If the procedures involve an investigation at the authors’ institution, Asian JO may seek to discover the outcome of that investigation and notify readers of the outcome if appropriate. If the investigation proves scientific misconduct, Asian JO will publish a retraction of the article. There may be circumstances in which no misconduct is proven, but an exchange of letters to the editor may still be published to highlight matters of debate to our readers.

Research involving human subjects and/or animals

It is responsibility of the authors to ensure that:

• All procedures followed in interventional trials reported in the manuscript were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013. Retrospective studies and studies using data available in the public domain are exempt from seeking ethics committee approval.

• Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study. If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of  Helsinki, the authors must explain the rationale for their approach, and demonstrate that the institutional review body explicitly approved all aspects of the study.
• Patients have a right to privacy that should not be violated without informed consent. Identifying information, including names, initials, or hospital numbers, should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, or pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives written informed consent for publication.
• Informed consent for this purpose requires that an identifiable patient be shown the manuscript to be published. Authors should disclose to these patients whether any potential identifiable material might be available via the Internet as well as in print after publication.
• If any identifying information about patients is included in the article, the Asian JO Publication Consent form should be filled in and submitted by the corresponding author and the a statement to that effect should be included in the Declarations section of the manuscript

• All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.

Competing interests, financial disclosures, and acknowledgements

It is the authors’ responsibility to disclose any potential conflicts of interest, sources of funding, and acknowledgements pertaining to the submitted manuscript.

• Financial and non-financial competing interests must be disclosed by submitting the ICMJE COI form submitted along with the manuscript.
• All sources of funding received for the research, including awards, research grants, etc., detailing the organizations and applicable document numbers where available should be detailed.

• Acknowledgements: Individuals and/or organizations that contributed towards the research but do not qualify as authors should be acknowledged.

Declarations

All manuscripts are required to include a Declarations section, even when authors have no disclosures or acknowledgements to make, following all recommendations outlined above.

• Ethics approval and consent to participate
• Consent for publication
• Competing interests
• Funding
• Acknowledgements